This isn't completely up-to-date, but it was as of last year:
http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors
I think that at least in terms of on-page factors, it's pretty accurate. However, my personal opinion is that the weight of off-page elements are changing to an extent & new data (such as toolbar data, user rankings of websites, social media exposure) is already is playing a part in rankings and will play a much larger role in a website's rankings in the future. These are just my opinions, though.